Bight of Biafra
Bight nke Biafra, nke a na-adị ka Bight of Bonny, bụ nnukwu osimiri dị n'ihu isiokwu - etiti etiti osimiri Africa, n'ikiri ọmụmụ nke Ọwara Guinea. . [1]
Geography
[dezie | dezie ebe o si][2]The Bight of Bonny, n'etiti Cape Formosa na Cape Lopez, bụ kasị n'ebe ọmụmụ nke Gulf of Guinea; O nwekwuru Bioko [ Equatorial Guinea ], São Tomé na Principe . Aha Biafra - dị ka na-egosi obodo ahụ - dara na njedebe nke September nke 19
Map 1710 na mpaghara a mara dị ka "Biafar" dị na Cameroon nke oge a.
Bight nke Bonny gbagoro n'ebe egwuregwu site na River Delta nke Niger dị n'ebe ugwu ruo mgbe ọ ruru Cape Lopez na Gabon. [1] E wezụga osimiri Naịja, osimiri ndị ọzọ na-erute n'ọnụ mmiri bụ Cross River, Calabar River, Ndian, Wouri, Sanaga, Nyong River, Ntem, Mbia, Mbini, Muni na Komo River
Isi nsogbu dị na Bay bụ Bioko na Principe; Agwaetiti ndị ọzọ dị mkpa bụ Ilhéu Bom Bom, Ilhéu Caroço, Elobey Grande na Elobey Chico . Mba ndị dị na Bight nke Biafra bụ Kameruun, mpaghara mmemme nke Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea ( Bioko Island na Rio Muni ), na Gabon[3]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Bight nke Biafra ruru ihe dị ka 10.7% nke ndị niile gbara ohu e bugara na America n'etiti 1519-1700. </link>N'etiti 1701-1800, ọ ruru ] [ 14.97 %. [1] Ndị ohu a dị mma n'ahịa dị n'ụdị mmiri mmiri Biafra egwu Bamileke, Efik / Ibibio, Igbo, Tikar, Bakossi, Fang, Massa, Bubi na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. [2] [1] Ndị Africa a weghaara bịarutere ihe ga-abụ United States wee ree ya na Virginia, nke nwere 60% nke ndị ohu niile nọ n'afọ ndị agha na-egosi. Virginia na nwere ikike ndị gbara ya gburugburu ndị ohu 30,000. [3] Dị ka ọ na- ndekọ, ndị ohu na-adị ọnụ ala ma a mụrụ ha na Cameroon n’ihi na ha ndụ ịnwụ anwụ kama onyekwere ịgba ohu [4]
Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti ndị awụ nke iri na ndị agha, Bonny apụtala dị ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-azụ ahihia ohu na Bight nke Biafra na-agafe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị mbụ na-achị na Elem Kalabari (nke a na- akpọkwa New Calabar) na Old Calabar . Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri 3 ndị a ọnụ gbakọrọ ihe ezinụlọ 90% nke ahia ohu na-esite na Bight of Biafra [5] [6]
Usoro iheomume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'agbata afọ 1525 na 1859, ndị Briten ihe nzọụkwụ ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị ohu e si na Bight nke Biafra bupụ na ụwa ọhụrụ.. [7]
Na 1777, Portugal bufere njikwa Fernando Po na Annobón na Spanish suzerainty si otú ahụ webata Spain n'ime ihe mere eme colonial nke Bight nke Biafra. [8]
Na 1807, United Kingdom mere ka iwu na-akwadoghị azụmahịa mba ụwa na ndị ohu, na Royal Navy e debere iji njide ndị ohu si United States, France, Spain, Portugal, Holland, West Africa na Arabia ka ha ghara akara aha ha. [9]
Na 30 June 1849, Britain hibere mgba agha ya na Bight nke Biafra site n'ịwulite ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na consulate n'agwaetiti Fernando Po, [1] n'okpuru ikike nke British Consuls of the Bight of Benin: [10]
Na 6 Ọgọst 1861, Bight nke Biafra na Bight gbara agbata obi nke Benin (n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị anya Britain nke ya) okpuru consulate Briten ọnụ, ọzọ n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị anya Britain.:
- Mee 1852–1853: Louis Fraser
- 1853-Eprel 1859: Benjamin Campbell
- Eprel 1859–1860: George Brand
- 1860-Januarị 1861: Henry Hand
- Jenụwarị - Mee 1861: Henry Grant Foote
- Mee-6 Ọgọst 1861: William McCoskry (onye na-eme ihe)
- 1861-Decemba 1864: Richard Francis Burton
- Disemba 1864–1873: Charles Livingstone
- 1873-1878: George Hartley
- 1878-13 Septemba 1879: David Hopkins
- 13 Septemba 1879-5 Juun 1885: Edward Hyde Hewett.
N'afọ 1967, mpaghara ọmụmụ nke Naijiria kewapụrụ na Steeti Naijiria wee nabata aha mmiri osimiri ya, Bight of Biafra dị nso, askar Republic of Biafra nweere onwe ọhụrụ. Nnwere onwe a adịteghị aka ka steeti ahụ tụfuru agha obodo Naijiria sochirinụ. N'afọ 1975, site n'iwu, Naijiria, Bight of Biafra ka ọ bụrụ Bight of Bonny. [11]
Ndị ahịa ohu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Daniel Backhouse
- George Case
- William Boats
- William Davenport
- John Shaw
- Samuel Shaw
Ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Bight of Biafra | Map, Location, & History | Britannica (en). www.britannica.com. Retrieved on 2024-01-26.
- ↑ Hugh Chisholm (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature & general information, Volumes 11-12. The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, ltd., 1926. Retrieved on 10 July 2017.
- ↑ Biafra, Bight of | Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 2022-12-02.
- ↑ Nwokeji (2002). "Characteristics of Captives Leaving the Cameroons for the Americas, 1822-37". The Journal of African History 43 (2): 191–210. ISSN 0021-8537.
- ↑ Paul E. Lovejoy (10 October 2011). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press, 2011. ISBN 9781139502771. Retrieved on 11 July 2017.
- ↑ Toyin Falola (26 September 2016). Igbo in the Atlantic World: African Origins and Diasporic Destinations. Indiana University Press, 2016. ISBN 9780253022578. Retrieved on 11 July 2017.
- ↑ Toyin Falola (26 September 2016). Igbo in the Atlantic World: African Origins and Diasporic Destinations. Indiana University Press, 2016. ISBN 9780253022578. Retrieved on 11 July 2017.
- ↑ I. K. Sundiata (1996). From Slaving to Neoslavery: The Bight of Biafra and Fernando Po in the Era of Abolition, 1827-1930. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1996. ISBN 9780299145101. Retrieved on 11 July 2017.
- ↑ African Slave Owners. BBC. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.
- ↑ Southern Nigeria Administrators.
- ↑ University of Ibadan. Dept. of Sociology (1980). Nigerian Behavioral Sciences Journal, Volume 3, Issues 1-2. Department of Sociology, University of Ibadan, 1980. Retrieved on 11 July 2017.